Stabilization Policy Free Essays

| Stabilization Policy| ECO311E| | Glen Edwards 201102728| | | Contents Introduction3 What is Stabilization Policy? 3 Keynesian vs. Classical4 Stabilization in South Africa5 Conclusion5 Reference list6 Introduction In an era where growth and stability in the economy are at the forefront of economic discussions, the economic policies and principles that are utilized in keeping with a stable economy must be taken very seriously. The way in which the governments of the world manage their income and expenditure is therefore of the utmost importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Stabilization Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The task of managing money is what stabilization policies are in a nutshell. The two schools of thought, Classical and Keynesian, view these stabilization policies differently and the author will attempt to discern whether or not either of them view stabilization policy as worthwhile. Additionally the author will analyze the stabilization policy efforts within the South African economy in recent years. What is Stabilization Policy? â€Å"Stabilization policy is the attempt to reduce fluctuations in income, employment and the price level, stabilizing national income at its full-employment level, if possible. † (Lipsey, 1993:659). This can be done through a governments fiscal or monetary policy, or both. As the author understands it, fiscal policy refer to those policies of the government that affect the tax rates, interest rates and expenditure, all used and controlled in an effort to control the economy. Simply put, a reduction in tax rates and/or an increase in government purchases (expansionary fiscal policy) causes the government’s budget deficit to increase, or its budget surplus to decrease, while conversely, a  decrease  in government expenditures and/or an  increase  in taxes (Contractionary fiscal policy) will cause the government’s budget deficit to decrease, or its budget surplus to increase. Stabilization Policies, 2000) â€Å"Monetary Policy is the deliberate control of the money supply for the purpose of achieving macroeconomic goals which are full employment, price stability, and steady economic growth. † (Gregory, 2011:149). From the authors knowledge, a change (increase or decrease) in the money supply has a opposite effect on interest r ates, and this has an impact on the amount of investment spending. Therefore utilizing either (or both) fiscal and monetary policy may help a government stabilize the economy in times of turmoil and uncertainty. The different stages of growth or recession throughout the years is commonly referred to as the business cycle. The business cycle is, according to Roux (2002:25), comprised of four elements: a trough, and expansion (called a boom), a peak and a downswing (called a recession). A stabilization policy could therefore be used to combat the foreseeable trends that the business cycle seems to follow, although the two schools of thought differ in the way in which they believe these trends arise. Keynesian vs. Classical When comparing and contrasting the views of both the Keynesian and Classical economists when it comes to the business cycle, it becomes clear that the way in which these schools of thought differ on this topic is crucial to understanding their stance towards stabilization policy. The main difference in their views of the business cycle are the ways in which the trends and stages in the business cycle come about. Mohr and Fourie (2008:512) support this by stating that classical economists attribute the fluctuations in the business cycle to exogenous factors, while Keynesians believe the business cycle to be an endogenous phenomenon. From the above sentence, it becomes apparent to the author that Keynesians would be strong advocates of stabilization policies in the economy as this would enable them to use it in reducing the negative effects that arise out of said endogenous phenomenon. This being said, the government can simply not know enough, soon enough. As a result the problem of policy lags arises. Policy lags are defined as â€Å"Time lags that occur between the onset of an economic problem and the full impact of the policy intended to correct the problem. † (Policy Lags, 2000). With this in mind, the author concludes that while strong advocates of stabilization policy, Keynesians would prefer moderate and general practice in this regard, rather than a constantly changing policy as this comes with many shortfalls, policy lags being one. Classical economists on the other hand would see few, if any, benefits from implementing a stabilization policy, this is supported by Economics USA (2013) that states â€Å"Classical and neo-classical economists believe that there is little the government can do to reduce unemployment and increase GDP/GNP growth, especially in the long run. They maintain that in the long run, fiscal stimulus raises interest rates and monetary stimulus raises prices without affecting real growth. † From this the author can deduce that it boils down to the question of government intervention, where classical economists believe little or no intervention is needed, and Keynesians believing the contrary. Stabilization in South Africa â€Å"The South African economy has experienced remarkable stabilisation in the course of the last decade, and since 1999 the economy has been expanding in what is now by far the longest business cycle expansion in the country’s history. (Du Plessis , Smit Sturzenegger. 2007:5). Leading up to the 1994 elections, many economists were concerned with the sustainability of South African fiscal policy. This had a lot to do with the amount of government debt. â€Å"Government debt was rising fast, and the associated interest burden had risen to more than 5% of GDP. â€Å"(Du Plessis et al. 2007:6). St ability thereafter was a priority, not only in prices but in the economy as a whole. This notion of stability can also be seen in the most recent budget speech of finance minister Pravin Gordan where fiscal sustainability is again cited as a priority, especially the role of taxation. â€Å"A review will be initiated this year of our tax policy framework and its role in supporting the objectives of inclusive growth, employment, development and fiscal sustainability† (Gordan, 2013). This makes clear to the author that although growth is top priority, unregulated growth is not and that the government still has a role to play in maintaining the sustainability of prices and growth in the country. Government legislature can be crediting in the strengthening and stabilizing of the economy, as Du Plessis et al (2007:7) state : â€Å"An important milestone of fiscal reform was the Public Finance Management Act of 1999, which legislated the need for regular financial reporting, sound expenditure controls and a strengthened system of supervision and audit. † In the authors opinion, although the government has not the part of the government in monitoring and encouraging sound fiscal principles. Conclusion It becomes clear that stabilization policy is worthwhile from the Keynesian point of view, where government intervention is encouraged and seen as part of a healthy and prosperous economy. The author supports these views as he believes that the stabilization policies have helped, either directly or indirectly, in the preservation and stability of the South African economy, as well as many other emerging economies. This is largely, but not limited to, due to the government’s ability to influence the budget deficit through taxation and its expenditure and its control of the country’s fiscal policy. Reference list Du Plessis, S. , Smit, B. , Sturzenegger, F. 2007. THE CYCLICALITY OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA SINCE 1994. July 2007 Economics USA. 2013. Stabilization Policy. [Online]. Available: http://www. learner. org/series/econusa/unit26/ [2013, April 10] Gordan, P. 2013 . (2013, February). Budget Speech 2013. Speech presented at Parliament, Pretoria, Gauteng. Gregory, P. R. 2004. Essentials of Economics. 6th ed. Prentice Hall: London Mohr, P. Fourie, L. 008. Economics for South African students. 4th ed. Van Schaik: Pretoria Lipsey, R. G. 1993. An Introduction to Positive Economics. 7th ed. Oxford University Press: New York Policy Lags. 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl [2013, April 10] Roux, A. 2002. Everyone’s guide to the South African Economy. 7th ed. Zebra Press: Cape Town Stabilization Policies. 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd;c=dsp;k=stabi How to cite Stabilization Policy, Papers

Consumer Affairs Victoria And Compensation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumer Affairs Victoria Damages Compensation? Answer: Introduction: In Australian, liability related to the product is recognized by both common law and legislation. Any person who suffer damage, injury or loss then such person has right to initiate legal proceedings on following grounds: Under tort of negligence if duty of care breached. Under Australian consumer law, if any provision of ACL breached. In this report, terms related to product liability is discussed in the form of 3 questions which are answered below. Subsequently report is concluded with brief conclusion. Negligence: Usually, manufacturer of the product owns duty of care towards the ultimate consumer of the product for the purpose of protecting the consumer against any risk or injury which is foreseeable in nature. It is not allowed to retailers and importers to test the reliability of the product if it is supplied by the manufacturer in the container which is sealed pack. These sealed pack containers are directly opened by the ultimate consumers. However, it must be noted that if product cause damage or injury to the person then retailer also under obligation to safeguard the person from such risk and injury which is foreseeable in nature. If any party make in the supply chain make any modification in the product then such party is also liable towards the consumer in lieu of those changes. Contract: It must be noted there is no restriction on parties to enter into contract on the terms which are agreed between the parties, but there are some implied terms also which are imposed by Common law and statute. It must be noted only parties to the contract has right to seek remedies under the contract. In number of cases contracting parties are retailer and consumer, therefore retailer is liable towards the consumer if any implied condition or warranty is breached. However, retailer also enter into contract with manufacturer which means retailer has right to seek remedy from manufacturer. ACL introduced various statutory guarantees which can be considered as implied conditions and warranties under the contract. These guarantees exist in every contract which is entered between the consumer and retailer (Clayton UTZ, 2015). Statutory Guarantee: Following are some statutory guarantees introduced by the ACL under chapter 2 and 3, and under these guarantees manufacturer are directly liable towards the consumer: If goods are of unacceptable quality. Goods are not fit for the stated purpose. Goods do not match with their description. Manufacturer does not compile with existing warranties (ACCC, n.d.). This can be understood through case law Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] A.C. 562, [1932] UKHL 100. In this case, Mrs. Donoghue claims against the manufacturer off ginger beer under tort of negligence for breaching their duty of care. In this Court stated that manufacturer is liable towards the ultimate consumer because it is the consumer who ultimately consumes the product. In the present case, manufacturer of the product is liable towards Mr. George for failing to meet the statutory guarantees stated under ACL. Manufacturer fails to provide the product which meets the description and also product supplied by manufacturer fails to fit for stated purpose. Therefore, in this case manufacturer is liable towards the George. Consumer guarantee in Australia: Chapter 2 and 3 of ACL sates the guarantee provided to consumer by common law and statute. If any person buy product under ACL then such person automatically get the protection under consumer statutory guarantee. Following are some statutory guarantees provided by ACL: Section 59 of Competition and Consumer Act 2010 states that manufacturer and supplier of product and services are under obligation to meet any express warranty stated by manufacturer at the time of formation of contract. In other words, if manufacturer at the time of formation of contract made any promise related to the quality, standard, condition, and performance of contract then it is necessary that manufacturer fulfill such promises. These promises are considered as express warranty of the contract. This can be understood through case law Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd t/as Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCATA 047. In this case, Tribunal stated that money back guarantee provided by seller is considered as express warranty (Competition and Consumer Act 2010). Section 60 of the ACL states that it is the duty of manufacturer and supplier to perform their functions and render their services with due care skill. In other words, manufacturers are obliged to ensure reasonable care and skill while manufacturing any product and perform the services (Competition and Consumer Act 2010). Section 61 of competition and Consumer Act 2010 states that it is the duty of manufacturer and supplier to ensure that goods delivered by them and services rendered by them fit for the purpose stated. In other words, if consumer stated any particular purpose at the time of formation of contract then manufacturer and supplier is under obligation to ensure that goods must meet that particular purpose or desired result of the consumer (Competition and Consumer Act 2010). This can be understood through case law Campbell v Lane (No 2), [2013] QCATA 307. In this case Court stated that horse was so lame that it was not fit for disclosed purpose. If any manufacturer and supplier breach above stated liability, then following rights are available to consumer: Consumer can terminate the contract on the ground of breach of statutory guarantee. Consumer can ask for refund for any services not consumed by consumer. Consumer can claim for compensation for the difference occurred in desired result and actual result. In the present case, Newman and manufacturer breach number of statutory guarantee available to George under ACL. Newman breach guarantee under section 59, 60, and 61 as he fails to meet the express warranties at the time of formation of contract. He further fails to perform his duties with due care and skill. Therefore, Newman is liable towards George under ACL. George has right to seek compensation under ACL or terminate the contract. However, Newman also failed to provide goods which fit for disclosed purpose. Therefore, both manufacturer and Newman are liable under section 61 of ACL. George can also seek for compensation under this section also. Compensation for breach of statutory guarantees under ACL: As stated above, consumer has right to recover damages from manufacturer for breaching the consumer guarantees stated under Australian Consumer law. However, manufacturer is liable in following circumstances towards the consumer: If goods does not fit for stated purpose. Breach of express warranty. Goods or services fail to match description. Repair and spare parts. Therefore, it is necessary for manufacturer to honor the rights of the consumer under consumer guarantee. If any manufacturer and supplier breach above stated liability, then following rights are available to consumer: Consumer can terminate the contract on the ground of breach of statutory guarantee. Consumer can ask for refund for any services not consumed by consumer. Consumer can claim for compensation for the difference occurred in desired result and actual result. Amount of compensation: Manufacturer is liable to pay compensation, and amount of compensation is determined through analyzing the amount of goods and services and loss or injury suffered by consumer. Amount of compensation must be equal to the value of product or less than the difference between current value of product and it can be the lowest of either: Retail price of the goods at the time of purchase. Actual price paid by consumer. Compensation in case of express warranty: If manufacturer does not meet with the express warranty and fail to meet the express warranty within reasonable time period then consumer has right to take legal action against the manufacturer for the purpose of enforcing the warranty in Court or Tribunal. Consumer also has right to enforce their rights under consumer guarantee and claim for compensation for consequential loss because of manufacturers failure to meet the warranty. In the present case, George can ask for money refund that is $550 under the express guarantee because consumer has right to enforce their rights under consumer guarantee and George can also claim for compensation because manufacturer fail to meet its liability (Consumer affairs Victoria, n.d.). Conclusion: After considering above facts, it is clear that ACL protect the rights of consumer and ensures fair dealings in Australia. In this report various statutory guarantees are stated such as guarantee related to acceptable quality, express warranty, etc. Lastly, it is concluded that ACL provides various rights to the consumer. References: ACCC. Consumer guarantees. Retrieved on 23rd September 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees. ACL. Consumer Guarantees. Retrieved on 23rd September 2017 from: https://consumerlaw-staging.tspace.gov.au/files/2016/05/0553FT_ACL-guides_Guarantees_web.pdf. Campbell v Lane (No 2), [2013] QCATA 307. Clayton UTZ, (2015). Product Liability 2015. Retrieved on 23rd September 2017 from: https://www.claytonutz.com/articledocuments/178/ICLG-Product-Liability-Australia-2015.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 59. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 60. Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 61. Consumer Affairs Victoria. Damages and compensation. Retrieved on 23rd September 2017 from: https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/products-and-services/refunds-repairs-and-returns/damages-and-compensation. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] A.C. 562, [1932] UKHL 100. Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd t/as Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCA

Youth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Example For Students

Youth Violence And The Mass Media Essay Introduction The problem I am researching is the desensitizing of Americas youth through violence in the mass media, specifically television and video games. I am interested in studying it because as violence on television and the violent content contained in video games has increased, so has youth violence. I want to find if the increasing violence shown on television and video games has a desensitizing effect on Americas youth, thus, increasing the probability that they will commit an act of violence. I believe that this research is important because I think violence on television and video games is a form of classical conditioning. In the movie, A Clockwork Orange, the character was given negative reinforcement whenever he sees acts of violence shown to him on television. We will write a custom essay on Youth Violence And The Mass Media specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eventually, he becomes repulsed by it and feels ill every time he sees or thinks of committing an act of violence. I think television and violent games are having a reverse effect on Americas youth. Violence is glorified in the mass media, thus youth become to associate killing with entertainment, they see violence as the manly thing to do, and they see how violence on television often goes unpunished. I feel this is a cause of youth violence because of the desensitizing nature of violence on television. One study showed that network programming averages 36.6 violent acts per hour. Is there any question that this would have a desensitizing effect on Americas youth over time? Literature Review I looked at five other studies that were related to my research. The first was from an article from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology entitled Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life by Craig Anderson and Karen Dill. In the article, the effects of violent video games on youths were studied. What was found was that real-life violent video game play was positively related to increased aggressive behavior and delinquency. Also, academic achievement was negatively related to the overall amount of time spent playing games. This study involved two different forms of observation. The short-term effects (laboratory aggression) of the video games was studied using laboratory observation, while the long-term effects (increased delinquency) were studied using surveys. Another study I looked at was an article from the Sociological Spectrum entitled Violence, Morality, and Television Commercials by Brenden Maguire, Diane Sandage, and Georgie Ann Weatherby. This study examined whether violence in television commercials was related to declining morality and rising crime among youths. A content analysis was performed of 1699 commercials shown over sixteen days and evenings in January and February of 1996 and June and July in 1997. What was found that only a small percentage of commercials contained violence and a small number of commercials exhibited behavior or attitudes contrary to conventional moral standards. Maguire et al concluded that although advertisers sponsor programs that feature violence, they do not wish to associate violence with their products. Therefore, commercials have little to effect on the increasing aggressive tendencies of Americas youth. The third article I studied was from the journal, Aggression and Violent Behavior 4, entitled Film Violence and Young Offenders by Amanda Pennell and Kevin Browne. In this article, Pennell and Browne found that screen violence can affect consumer behavior by: imitation of violent roles and aggressive acts; triggering of aggressive impulses in predisposed individuals; desensitizing feelings of sympathy towards victims; creating indifference towards use of violence; and creating a frame of mind that sees violent acts as socially acceptable responses to stress and frustration. Pennell and Browne found young offenders like violent videos because of their aggressive backgrounds and behavioral tendencies, but concluded that whether such tastes in film reinforce violent behavior and increasing frequency of aggressive acts is debatable. The methodology used in this study was laboratory observation, with each youth being shown a violent video and their immediate reaction as well as their impr ession of the video late being noted. The fourth article I used was entitled Cutting Film Violence: Effects on Perceptions, Enjoyment, and Arousal by Mike Berry, Tim Gray, and Ed Donnerstein. .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .postImageUrl , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:hover , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:visited , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:active { border:0!important; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:active , .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e7b2ad78af240163bdc8838df30883e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American identity Essay This article was taken from the Journal of Social Psychology. This study investigated the effects of cutting specific graphic scenes .

Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond Essays

Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond Essays Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond The African student organization hosted a panel discussion with professors, graduate, and undergraduate students, which I attended and really liked. The event was entitled Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond and occurred on October 10th, in Fisher 104. African students were invited to share and get information regarding the African experience throughout higher education in the United States. The panelists sat in front of the room and started by sharing their stories. They told the audience where they had been (in terms of schools), what difficulties they encountered in adapting, staying motivated, and culture shock. Afterwards, graduate students and professors proceeded to explain strategies to go about graduate school, such as being close to adviser, avoiding to get involved in conflicts inside the department, working as hard as possible because Africans may not be judged on same standards, taking care of documents to remain lawfully in the country, etc. Finally, they started to answers the audiences questions in debate-like fashion. The event was highly productive and informative, but it was the less formal tone, which made it a special event. Since all of the people present were African there was a sense familiarity, which broke any ice standing in the way. Everybody seemed confortable and asked innumerous questions leading to an extension of the event, which ended around 45 minutes past its expected time. The down side was that even though a significant number of students were there, it could have benefited more people had they attended. It may have a been a matter of under advertising or simply a matter of lack interest by the general African student community, but the event had the potential to enrich many more peoples academic and social experience in the U.S. Also, it could have been slightly longer since the discussions were so highly beneficial.

Module of Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Module of Evaluation - Essay Example David Malan talks of the skill of HP Hildebrand when he was appointed to the famous London Clinic of Psychoanalysis back in 1963 (Malan 44). He barred from treatment (by trainees) any person with a severe suicidal attempt, signs of chronic alcoholism and drug addiction, long periods of hospitalisation, and more than one type of ECT, serious incapacitating phobia and OCD, any homosexual longing tobecome heterosexual, or someone with abominably destructive performing out. The fall out rate dropped from 60 percent to 10 percent. Discussion Innovative advances in psychotherapy field have improved its effectiveness and usefulness however, patient variables remain a significant, some may say the greatest, the determinant of the outcome. It has confirmed hard to study; studies and research that are more current are specially sparse and only accessible at a fee (many of them require a book sale or a subscription to a particular journal) or in universal psychiatry journals. Therefore, I have decided to go back on the 1979 piece â€Å"assessment for patients of Psychotherapy† of Sydney Bloch 2 for a bigger view. Adapted from his piece is a list of exclusions that comprise organic brain syndrome, the Bipolar and severe depression. Others are Schizophrenia, the severe Personality disorder (like sociopathic or narcissistic and paranoid), drug or alcohol infatuation, Hypochondriacal or somatisation particularly if alexothymic, like a cure for sexual ‘deviation’ or too distrustful and incompetent cognitively and intolerant of frustration, without impulse control, ‘inhibited, constantly fatigued or submissive’. Those he thought benefited more were those with: rational level in personality integration, the motivation for change and realistic expectation of healing process or psychological mindedness, at slightest average intelligence, average ‘neurosis’ and Personality disorders or strong affect and felt dissatisfaction, life situat ion without any unresolved previous problems (Wolberg 23). The Ego is belived to come from the dissatisfaction of the ID’s drives and the wishes by the external reality (also, it later deals with fault by the Super ego that is belived to come from resolution of oedipal complex). If all the patients have the ability to satisfy their needs maturely, (change in work, love or play to use the George Valiant’s ideas). These ideas are to postpone gratification, cope up with adversity, think and reason logically about the problems or problem solve, and then relate to reality with extra mature ego defence mechanism, they are believed to have excellent ego strength and are much favourable customers for Psychotherapy. The disapproval levelled at therapists was that they excempted those most in requirement of assistance. In his 1964 manuscript â€Å"Psychotherapy the purchase friendship† William Schofield is important of the then inclination of psychotherapists to focus on patients that are more attractive and coined the word YAVIS: Young, then attractive, then verbal, then Intelligent, Successful, others have added second S for ‘similar’. To rephrase Malan and several others, this was not too diverse from other sectors of medicine (particularly at the time) when ill patients with several and severe conditions were regularly excempted from particular procedures medical, the surgical and anesthetic,

Leadership + Economics of Regulation + Ethics and Organizational Essay

Leadership + Economics of Regulation + Ethics and Organizational Structure - Essay Example a. Employees typically resist a change that they believe will take away something of value. A proposed change in technology, job design or structure may lead to a real or perceived loss of pay, power, prestige or company benefits. (Daft 381-383) The fear of personal loss felt by employees is perhaps the greatest obstacle to organizational change and since larger organizations have a greater number of employees who feel endangered the resistance to change is far greater than the one usually experienced in smaller organizations. b. Lack of trust and understanding also has a magnified impact in larger organizations. Employees very often do not understand the intended reason behind a change and very often mistrust the intentions behind it (Daft 381-383). Having a greater number of people in this case magnifies the air of mistrust and creates further roadblocks to change. c. The uncertainty that every change brings with itself also plays a major role in the resistance to change displayed by employees of a large organization. For employees change means uncertainty and that bring out in them a fear of the unknown. Employees worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new technology or a new procedure (Daft 381-383). The greater the number of uncertain employees, the greater will be the resistance to change. Leadership plays a very important role in the design and the regular updating of an organization’s organizational architecture. It is the leadership style of the leader that determines the organizational logic and the whole purpose of an organizational structure update is to ensure that the organizational chart of the organization accurate reflects how the stake holders in the organization actually work together. So if the leadership style of the leader is autocratic the organizational architecture should reflect it and if the leadership style of the leader is democratic then the organizational architecture should reflect it as

Biography of Nikola Tesla Annotated Bibliography

Biography of Nikola Tesla - Annotated Bibliography Example Nikola Tesla’s parents had migrated from Serbia to Croatia. His father was a priest, philosopher, and poet. The mental training that Nikola’s father gave him by making him do mathematical calculations without using a pen or paper was his initiation into the field of science. And his mother had â€Å"come from a family of inventors†. Nikola also made his first invention when he was a child of age five when he made himself a fishing hook and caught frogs. When Nokola was seven years old, his family went back to Serbia. In the new town, he became an instant hero as he repaired a newly modeled firefighting equipment which had failed to function on its first demonstration before the public. After his school years, Tesla decided to become an electrical engineer and joined Graz Polytechnic Institute in Austria. During his studies, one of his professors had demonstrated a dynamo which can produce direct current electricity and which was invented by Thomas Alva Edison, in the class. After watching the functioning of a dynamo, when Tesla opined that it might be possible to create an alternate current manufacturing motor, his professor refuted this idea as impossible. After a while, with the support of his father, he joined the University of Prague. But after one term was over, he left this course also and joined the telegraph department. While walking in the city park with a friend, the design of the ac motor suddenly came to his mind like a flash of lightning.